John Barbour (poet)



John Barbour (c.1320 – 13 March 1395), was a Scottish poet and the first major literary voice to write in Scots, the vernacular language of Lowland Scotland. He holds a place in the nation's literary tradition similar to the position that Chaucer, roughly his contemporary, independently occupies vis a vis the vernacular tradition in England. Barbour was the Archdeacon of the Kirk of St Machar in Aberdeen. He also studied in Oxford and Paris. His principal patron was Robert II and evidence of his promotion and movements before Robert Stewart came to power as king tend to suggest that he acted politically in the future king's behalf.

Although Barbour was a man of the church, his writing is strongly secular in both tone and themes. The Brus, his major surviving work, was written while he was a member of Robert II's court in the 1370s. The poem's subject is Robert the Bruce and the ultimate success in his prosecution of the First War of Scottish Independence, but it also features actions of Robert II's Stewart forebears in the conflict. Another work, The Stewartis Oryginalle (now lost) purportedly traced the genealogy of the Stewart line. Historically, the Bruce royal line was extinguished with the death of Robert II's uncle, David II.

Barbour died in 1395, probably in Aberdeen.

Biography
If the record of Barbour's age in 1375 as sixty is correct, he would have been born c.1320. His birthplace is not known, although Aberdeenshire and Galloway have both been suggested. He first appears in the historical record in 1356 when he was promoted to the archdeaconry of Aberdeen from a post in Dunkeld Cathedral which he had held for less than a year. It is also likely that he was in Avignon in 1355. When David II returned from exile in 1357 and actively became king, Barbour received a letter of safe-conduct to travel through England to the University of Oxford. He subsequently appears to have left the country in other years coincidental with periods when David II was active king.

After the death of David II in 1371, Barbour served in the royal court of Robert II in a number of capacities. During his time as part of Robert's household he composed his best known work, The Brus, for which he received, in 1377, the gift of ten pounds Scots and, in 1378, a life-pension of twenty shillings. He held various posts in the king's household; for instance, in 1372 he was one of the auditors of exchequer and in 1373 a clerk of audit.

Additional rewards followed, including the renewal of his exchequer auditorship (though he may have continued to enjoy it since his first appointment) and ten pounds to his pension. The only biographical evidence of his closing years is his signature as a witness to sundry deeds in the "Register of Aberdeen" as late as 1392. According to the obit-book of St Machar's Cathedral, Aberdeen he died on 13 March 1395. The state records show that his life-pension was not paid after that date.

Barbour made provision for a mass to be sung for himself and his parents, an instruction that was observed in the Kirk of St Machar until the Reformation.

Father of Scots language poetry
It is not clear how many works Barbour composed. Some titles ascribed to his name, such as The Stewartis Oryginalle and The Brut, are now lost works. It has been thought that The Buik of Alexander, which borrows much from The Brus, may also be one of his works. If he truly is the author of the five or six long poems which different witnesses have ascribed to him, then he would be one of the most voluminous writers of Early Scots, if not the most voluminous of all poets in Scots. But in the absence of another namable contemporary with the same achievement, his position as father of Scots literature would be secure from his authorship of The Brus alone.

The Brus
The Brus is a long narrative poem, of just under 14,000 octosyllabic lines, in which Barbour gives a historic and chivalric account of the actions of Robert the Bruce and the Black Douglas in the Scottish Wars of Independence during a period from the circumstances leading up the English invasion of 1296 through to Scotland's restored position in the years between the Truce of 1328 and the death of Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray in 1332. The poem's literal centre-piece is an extensive account of the Battle of Bannockburn of 1314. Barbour's poetic account of these events is a keystone in Scotland's national story.

Patriotic as the sentiment is, it is in more general terms than is found in later Scottish literature. The king is a hero of the chivalric type common in contemporary romance; freedom is a "noble thing" to be sought and won at all costs; the opponents of such freedom are shown in the dark colours which history and poetic propriety require; but there is none of the complacency of the merely provincial habit of mind. The lines do not lack vigour; and there are passages of high merit, notably the oft-quoted section beginning "A! fredome is a noble thing".

Despite a number of errors of fact — for instance the elision of three Bruces into the single person of the hero at the beginning of the poem — the account has a greater degree of historical veracity than is usually associated with the verse-chronicle genre (such as Blind Hary's Wallace composed in the following century). But it is much more than a rhyming chronicle; it contains many fine descriptive passages, and sings the praises of freedom. Its style is somewhat bald and severe. No one has doubted Barbour's authorship of the Brus, but argument has been attempted to show that the text as we have it is an edited copy, perhaps by John Ramsay, a Perth scribe, who wrote out the two extant texts, one preserved in the Advocates Library, Edinburgh, and the other in the library of St John's College, Cambridge.

Legends of the Saints
Yet another work was added to the list of Barbour's works by the discovery in the library of the University of Cambridge, by Henry Bradshaw, of a long Scots poem of over 33,000 lines, dealing with Legends of the Saints, as told in the Legenda A urea and other legendaries. The general likeness of this poem to Barbour's accepted work in verse-length, dialect and style, and the facts that the lives of English saints are excluded and those of St. Machar (the patron saint of Aberdeen) and St. Ninian are inserted, made the ascription plausible. Later criticism, though divided, has tended in the contrary direction, and has based its strongest negative judgment on the consideration of rhymes, assonance and vocabulary.

Buik of Alexander
Attempts have been made to name Barbour as the author of the Buik of Alexander (a translation of the Roman d'Alexandre and associated pieces), as known in the unique edition, c. 1580, printed at the Edinburgh press of Alexander Arbuthnot.