Tyrrhenians

The Tyrrhenians (Attic Greek: Τυρρήνιοι, 'Tyrrēnioi') or Tyrsenians (Ionic: Τυρσήνιοι, 'Tyrsēnioi'; Doric: Τυρσάνιοι, 'Tyrsānioi') is an exonym used by Greek authors to refer to a non-Greek people.

Earliest references
The origin of the name is uncertain. It is only known to be used by Greek authors, but apparently not of Greek origin. It has been connected to tursis, also a "Mediterranean" loan into Greek, meaning "tower" (see there). Direct connections with Tusci, the Latin exonym for the Etruscans, from Turs-ci were also attempted See also Turan, tyrant.

The earliest instances in literature are in Hesiod and the Homeric Hymn to Dionysus. Hesiod has

The Homeric hymn to Dionysus has Tyrsenian pirates seizing Dionysus,

Possible identification with the Etruscans
Later, in the 6th to 5th centuries BC, the name referred specifically to the Etruscans, for whom the Tyrrhenian Sea is named, according to Strabo. In Pindar, the Tyrsanoi appear grouped with the Carthaginians as a threat to Magna Graecia:

The name is also attested in a fragment by Sophocles.

The name becomes increasingly associated with the generic Pelasgians. Herodotus places them in Crestonia in Thrace, as neighbours of the Pelasgians. Similarly, Thucydides mentions them together with the Pelasgians and associates them with Lemnian pirates and with the pre-Greek population of Attica.

Lemnos remained relatively free of Greek influence up to Hellenistic times, and interestingly, the Lemnos stele of the sixth century BC is inscribed with a language very similar to Etruscan. This has led to the postulation of a "Tyrrhenian language group" comprising Etruscan, Lemnian and Raetic.

There is thus evidence that there was indeed at least a linguistic relationship between the Lemnians and the Etruscans. The circumstances of this are disputed; a majority of scholars, at least in Italy, would ascribe Aegean Tyrrhenians to the Etruscan expansion from the 8th to 6th centuries, putting the homeland of the Etruscans in Italy and the Alps particularly because of their relation to the Alpine Raetic population.

One hypothesis connecting the Tyrrhenians and the Eruscans posits that the Etruscans derive at least partially from a 12th century BC invasion from the Aegean and Anatolia imposing itself over the Italic Villanovan culture, with some scholars claiming a relationship or at least evidence of close contact between the Anatolian languages and the Etruscan language.

Adherents of this latter school of thought point to the legend of Lydian origin of the Etruscans referred to by Herodotus, and the statement of Livy that the Raetians were Etruscans driven into the mountains by the invading Gauls. Critics of this theory point to the very scanty evidence of a linguistic relationship of Etruscan with Indo-European, let alone Anatolian in particular, and to Dionysius of Halicarnassus who decidedly argues against an Etruscan-Lydian relationship. However, the Indo-European Lydian language is first attested some time after the Tyrrhenian migrants are said to have left for Italy. There were also a number of non-Indo-European languages present in Ancient Anatolia, such as Hurrian and Hattic, which were related to Caucasian languages and pre-dated the Indo-European presence in Anatolia, and which are thought by some to be related to Etruscan and the other Tyrrhenian languages. It is also of some interest that the Greeks themselves speak of an earlier substrate people who were absorbed into Lydian to form one tribe of three groups that came to make up this people.